Python练习-常用内置模块datetime

本部分学习Python常用内置模块datetime。通过datetime模块,我们可以很方便的操作日期、时间戳已经时区转换等操作。

构建datetime对象

import re
from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone

now = datetime.now()
print(now)
print(type(now))

# 注意到datetime是模块,datetime模块还包含一个datetime类,通过from datetime import datetime导入的才是datetime这个类。
date = datetime(2022, 9, 9, 18, 53, 22)
print(date)
print(type(date))

注意到datetime是模块,datetime模块还包含一个datetime类,通过from datetime import datetime导入的才是datetime这个类

输出如下

2022-09-12 22:02:09.479743
<class ‘datetime.datetime’>
2022-09-09 18:53:22
<class ‘datetime.datetime’>

通过datetime对象可以直接获取到时间戳,注意Python的时间戳是精确到秒的,Java、JS等的时间戳都是精确到毫秒

# Python的timestamp,整数位精确到秒
tm = date.timestamp()
print(tm)

# 从秒到timestamp
print(datetime.fromtimestamp(tm))
# 转换为0时区
print(datetime.utcfromtimestamp(tm))

输出如下:

1662720802.0
2022-09-09 18:53:22
2022-09-09 10:53:22

跟Java等一样,Python这类以开发效率著称的语言,自然会提供通过字符串转换为datetime的操作

# 从字符串到timestamp
print(date.strptime("2022-09-12 14:46:34", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"))
# 字符串格式标准,
# 参考https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior

# 从timestamp到字符串
tm_str = date.strftime("%b-%d %a %H:%M:%S")
print("Timestamp string is:", tm_str)

输出:

2022-09-12 14:46:34
Timestamp string is: Sep-09 Fri 18:53:22

具体字符串格式代码可参考:https://docs.python.org/3/library/datetime.html#strftime-strptime-behavior

通过datetime可方便的快速计算和转换时区

# 创建时区
# 默认无时区
print(date.tzinfo)
# 创建时区
timez8 = timezone(timedelta(hours=8))
date8 = date.replace(tzinfo=timez8)
print(date8.tzinfo)
print(date8)

utc_dt = datetime.utcnow().replace(tzinfo=timezone.utc)
print(utc_dt)
bj_dt = utc_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=8)))
print(bj_dt)
ty_dt = bj_dt.astimezone(timezone(timedelta(hours=9)))
print(ty_dt)

输出

UTC+08:00
2022-09-09 18:53:22+08:00
2022-09-12 14:02:09.484005+00:00
2022-09-12 22:02:09.484005+08:00
2022-09-12 23:02:09.484005+09:00

最后做个练习:

练习 假设你获取了用户输入的日期和时间如2015-1-21 9:01:30,以及一个时区信息如UTC+5:00,均是str,请编写一个函数将其转换为timestamp:

大概思路就通过字符串格式将非时区部分转化为datetime,通过正则识别出有时区部分,代码如下:

def to_timestamp(dt_str, tz_str):
    r_dt = datetime.strptime(dt_str, "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S")
    utc_reg = re.compile(r"^(UTC)([+-])(\d)+(:)(00)")
    reg_match = utc_reg.match(tz_str)
    print(reg_match.groups())
    poorng = reg_match.group(2)
    tz_int = int(reg_match.group(3))
    if poorng == "+":
        r_dt = r_dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=tz_int)))
    else:
        r_dt = r_dt.replace(tzinfo=timezone(timedelta(hours=-tz_int)))
    return r_dt.timestamp()


# 测试:
t1 = to_timestamp('2015-6-1 08:10:30', 'UTC+7:00')
assert t1 == 1433121030.0, t1
t2 = to_timestamp('2015-5-31 16:10:30', 'UTC-09:00')
assert t2 == 1433121030.0, t2
print('ok')
Thanks a lot.